latex margins. 5in, right=1in] {geometry} pagestyle {plain. latex margins

 
5in, right=1in] {geometry} pagestyle {plainlatex margins  Can someone tell me why the default margin size is so big? Also, why shouldn't I change the margin size? Jeremy 9/11

Suppose you need to create a document using A4-sized paper with a text area which shouldn't exceed. I have fixed the margin for every chapter but I don't know. Specifically, setting inner should do the trick. 2. 7. setlist {leftmargin=10pt} Full example:Page Layout, Margins, Headings, etc. {article} % Change page layout usepackage[margin=2cm]{geometry} egin{document} This is. However, in reports or books, and similar long documents, this would be chapter or part . You can change the above- and below-float skips, as well as the above/below caption skips, by changing the appropriate lengths (e. 2 Answers. There are three ways you can insert tables in Overleaf: Using the Insert table button in the editor toolbar. I've also tried usepackage[margin=1. You either need to calculate it from \oddsidemargin, or use the macro from geometry: \documentclass {article} \usepackage [letterpaper,margin=1in,footskip=0. To manually set the current value of \parskip use LaTeX’s \setlength command; for example, to separate paragraphs by 3pt you can write: \setlength{\parskip} { 3pt } The following example demonstrates the use of \parskip : \documentclass{ article } % Choose a conveniently small page size \usepackage[paperheight=16cm,paperwidth=12cm,textwidth. warning: if this is to be published, the specified margins must be observed, since a wider line can be either "lost" in the binding, or cut off at the outer trim, and reducing the. There are. Here below is an image which shows a part of the text. Setting margins exactly. To "introduce some additional space in between one foot note and the next one, and between the first footnote and the line that separates it from the regular text" you can add the following line to your preamble (change 5mm to 1mm or whatever you need): addtolength {footnotesep} {5mm} % change to 1mm. Any column that uses the left margin will be rendered as normal body content. I'm new to LaTex and I wanted to know how I can change the Margins of my scrreport so that the chapter title, text and basically everythin starts a bit higher and ends a bit lower. Sep 12. In the following example, I mimic KOMA-Script ' s settings at the start (in particular, I use a textblock. 5in] {geometry} You can set the top, right and left margins independently using comma-separted keyvals: usepackage [bottom=0. 75" to display before my title in the pdf. A page in LaTeX is defined by a myriad of internal parameters. You'll get a hyphen at the breaking position though. set margin latex example \documentclass{article} \usepackage[left=2cm, right=5cm, top=2cm]{geometry} \begin{document} Some text. 25in] {geometry} to get quarter-inch margins all around. The footnote facility is easy to use. You should never modify hoffset and voffset without serious reasons. Using the geometry package, it's. 1 Answer. 5=. Margins are strintly correlated to text width and in LaTeX margins are set in a way that you have ~66 characters for each line, that is the ideal for the reader, not so much for the page aesthetic. No effect. The above publications, among others, give examples of many different kinds of layouts. There is more info on that web page :D. What is explained less well is why the top and bottom margins have the extraordinary size they have. 6cm, marginparsep=3mm] {geometry}5. header and footer lines, page formats, page numbers). My complete solution was usepackage {ragged2e} RaggedRightsloppy — goodbye unreadable text!2. Improve this answer. Sections, subsections and chapters are included in the table of contents. clo is short. g. The page dimensions in a L a T e X document are highly configurable and the geometry package offers a simple way to change the length and layout of different elements such as the paper size, margins, footnote, header, orientation, etc. As right-hand-pages usually have page-numbers whose parity is odd, this parameter is called oddsidemargin. I tried using the geometry package to specify these margins. 26. In case it matters,. 25in] {geometry} But left and right appear to behave as inner and outer. tex. I printed it out on a letter paper (8. documentclass [] {} and. 3cm, left=5cm, right=0. @cmhughes has given the answer yet, which I gladly confirm hereby :-) The philosophy of the outer margins is slightly different between mdframed and tcolorbox. 1 extwidth} to pull it into the left margin. This keeps the main body of text concise. usepackage [letterpaper, left=1in, right=1in, bottom=1in, top=0. You could either change the value of extheight, or use the geometry package and change the lengths to whatever you want, or remove if. Latex editor - on the ge. 5in}, includeheadfoot]{ TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for users of TeX, LaTeX, ConTeXt, and related typesetting systems. My current solution is to adjust the margins (make them equal. Add usepackage [pass,verbose] {geometry} to see what's happening. The margins of beamer blocks are designed in such a way that the text within the block is still aligned with the surrounding text. Writing the LaTeX code for the table in Code Editor. \headsep. To get a straight right margin in the output, LaTeX inserts varying amounts of space between the words. 1. This default format can be changed by the. 25in]{geometry} ewlength{oneinch} setlength{oneinch}{1in} egin{document} heleftmarginpar heoneinch end{document}If want a wider text block, but still a traditionally well-calculated and well-positioned text block, you could use the typearea package from the KOMA-Script bundle, which you can use with your normal article document class. But when I'm using the geometry package the margins are way too big which means that when it's printed all the margins are about 1 or 1. Copying and pasting a table from another document while using Visual Editor. Moving the footer line to the left can be done with a negative kern:Text moves up to the frame (where I want it), but logo placeholder has the unwanted margin. Abstract with custom width. The documentations will show you how to get things work. The greater the value of DIV, the wider the text block. Save up to $600 on Saatva. Improve this answer. 5 cm + 3 enters, thats "exactly" 5cm. To make chapters start on odd pages without switching page margins between even/odd pages, use the KOMA-Script class option twoside=semi. There is a gotcha though in that some backend drivers handled the placement of the upper left corner of the page differently. There is a detailed explanation on how margins should be computed. Second part is the main body text with 1in in on both sides. LaTeX is an editing tool that takes care of the format so you only have to worry about the contents of your document; nevertheless, better control of floating elements is sometimes necessary. The right margin on each page is implied by the sum of the odd or even side margin and extwidth. 1 Vertical spacing headheight headsep The headheight is the height of the box that will contain the running head. If a LaTeX document class supports different layouts for. TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for users of TeX, LaTeX, ConTeXt, and related typesetting systems. You can use footmisc package with option side, which replaces footnotes for numbered marginpar s, reformating hefootnote for alphabetic references with. Books are simply done differently than websites. If there are several equations that you need to align vertically, the align environment will do it: egin{ align* } 2x - 5y & = 8 3x + 9y & = -12 end{ align* } Open this amsmath fragment in Overleaf. and. markboth and/or markright can include commands to style header or footer text, such as making it uppercase. All I need is for the margins to just be 1 inch on all sides without the document looking weird. For wkhtmltopdf sets the top page margin. bjd116 wrote: Another simple way to set the margins to 1 inch on all sides of the document:59. The best way to correct this is using the anysize package then setting the margin size, however doing so causes the "=. Usually, it is non-essential information which can be placed at the bottom of the page. usepackage [margin=0. c, l and r columns don't wrap their contents. – cfr. You have specified the left and right margins with geometry to be the same on odd or even pages so ther isn't much difference between od an even, also addtocounter{page}{-1} looks wrong and will account for your main issue as that will force two adjacent pages to have the same number (even if not printed) so have the same. Better yet, use geometry to do it. How can this be done? E. And of course 1" margins from the left, right, and bottom. 2 Answers. oddsidemargin: Margin of odd pages, commonly used in two-sided documents such as books paperwidth: Width of the page paperheight: Height of the page parindent: Paragraph indentation parskip: Vertical. Using daleif's example in his comment: %pdfLaTeX documentclass [margin=3mm] {standalone} egin {document} $lim_ {x oinfty}$ [3cm] $limlimits_ {x o infty}$ end {document} What's the purpose of mathop here? limits can be used directly. g. \documentclass [twoside] {article} \usepackage. This tutorial will deal with LaTeX spacing: First, we are going to explore the basic macros that LaTeX provides to insert horizontal and vertical space. The first one is setting the margins so that the content goes in the center (as usual), while the list items, for example, go outside of the document content. However, LaTeX’s mode of operation is quite different to many other document-production applications you may have used, such as Microsoft Word or LibreOffice Writer: those “WYSIWYG” tools provide users with an interactive page into. If I use this simple example: documentclass [12pt,a4paper,twoside] {scrreport} usepackage. The inner (outer) margin is the left (right) margin on odd pages and right (left) margin on even pages. Define the parameters (leftmargin, topmargin, etc) and put this command just before \begin {document} in the file main. Setting margins exactly. DIV=14. Contents 1 Package. 5in]. This text can be several pages long. You need to use ewgeometry before the pages with changed margins and estoregeometry after them. Customize the appearance,. When you want to reset your margins, you write estoregeometry. I am able to align the section body text with the section label text by shifting the section label number -0. Like this usepackage [left=1. Compile it with either xelatex or latex-dvips-ps2pdf. 2 Answers. ) However, this will raise errors when compiling, because res and geometry both use an option named margin. On the second page (inside left/right), the boxes do not align with the right page border, either. Let's see an example with some of the aforementioned options: Here the text area, the left margin and the top margin are set. You have to tell geometry also the desired width of your marginal notes. Paragraph mode is LaTeX’s normal mode, the one used when processing ordinary text. Try adding sloppy to the beginning of your document. 5-inch margin on the left side and a 1-inch margin on the three remaining sides. But when I'm using the geometry package the margins are way too big which means that when it's printed all the margins are about 1 or 1. Is there any way to tell LaTeX to set the margins larger without having to fix an absolute length (like 1. 5cm left and 2cm right): Copy to clipboard. The algorithm2e package stores the algorithm inside the lrbox algocf@makethealgo and then typesets it; I defined a new environment Walgo that uses a minipage inside this lrbox; the width of the minipage is extwidth+2marginincrease; then, the algocf@makethealgo is placed inside a centered makebox to typeset it. 5 on the top for the header, . egin {document} lipsum [4]. As this post suggests, this can be resolved by changing the line (in res. Scaling has its benefits, but we should also consider its limitations. I saw this solution for a single figure (Custom margin settings for figure in LaTeX) but am not . The margins are the result of this process. 0. I'm creating a resumé using the res. Since maketitle does actual output, it needs to be used after egin {document}. I use the geometry package to define the margins. cls)Type Styles Up: Other useful things to Previous: Other useful things to Margins L A TEX has very large default margins--almost two inches wide on each side. ; Then, we will see what predefined lengths for different spaces of the page (margins,. In the preamble the package is imported by writing. 7 Answers Sorted by: 10 I see you make several mistakes that are typical for beginners: Don't use the standard classes for generic documents ( article, report, book ), they are. Try egin {itemize} [leftmargin=5em, itemindent=-20pt, topsep=0pt, label=-, itemsep=0pt] – Simon Dispa. use the \geometry command in the preamble. To write letters use the standard document class letter . To "make the footnote number. It has an option DIV, which is used to calculate the type area. I found a post about adding figure to the right margin, which works pretty well. tex file. See the reference guide for a complete list of font styles. There has to be a 1/2" margin from the top to the header, and there has to be a 1" margin from the top to the text (this causes the most problems). In this case, the declared margins are those of the odd pages. Share. You may not want this swapping with the last page of your document as it means that with the last page of. Footnotes are a very useful way of providing extra information to the reader. by setting a different left margin for this figure?You can align all the text in a text box with the top, middle, or bottom of the text box. Margins Remember that T E X was designed for producing books. Latex Table goes out of margins. Therefore, the page margins are set to ensure that readability remains as good as possible. Scaling equations can also. 5 inch. 5in, right=1in] {geometry} \pagestyle {plain. usepackage[left=20mm, right=20mm, top=20mm, bottom=20mm] {geometry}10 Answers. g. However, the default margins are very. Get rid of all vertical lines and most horizontal lines. 8pt textheight = 0. The standard package for making margin changes is the geometry package. . 6 Answers. Usually, the title is the first thing in a document. In the previous post we looked at adding a bibliography to our thesis using the biblatex package. To see the true whitespace around the images, you can use \fbox {\includegraphics [width. The easiest way is to use usepackage geometry, because it allows esay changing of the different margins which are normally used within latex. However, i also have to change top margins differently for odd and even pages. This post will tell you how to change the page layout of the whole document or single pages to “landscape”. Send, export, fax, download, or print out your document. documentclass [a4paper] {article} usepackage [cm] {fullpage} usepackage {layout} egin {document} layout end {document} seems to be that the head height and the head separation in fullpage are zero. You must not fight LaTeX, but rather embrace it. end {document} For more precise control over the margins, etc. Minipages with given height of 25 mm via egin{minipage}[t][25mm]{100mm} . For example, if you want to set each margin 2cm without header space, what you need is just usepackage [margin=2cm,nohead] {geometry} . 27pt hoffset. Overview. now click OK. For a book class, I specify margins like this: usepackage [top=1. – Sebastian. Alternatively use a ewcolumntype from array package (Please note that p {0. The greater the value of DIV, the wider the text block. Hey, I need to set my margins to top=3cm, bottom=2. Navarro. eps temporarily does not work with latex-dvips-ps2pdf, so please use another image. ) In case you want to disable the swapping of margins on alternate pages, add the asymmetric option. For that I used ewgeometry {left=5cm,right=5cm} at the. The right and bottom margins are automatically computed to fit the page. Open this marginpar example in Overleaf. yes, but sometimes the fight is too much to handle. Normally, one would simply use the left and right keys, because they are actually synonyms for inner and outer in twoside mode. You could use headinclude=true and enlarge DIV, eg. From another source: Use linespread {1. Add a comment. With geometry the settings in the preamble are for the whole document. The standard package for making margin changes is the geometry package. Follow. I have attached the code below for help. TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for users of TeX, LaTeX, ConTeXt, and related typesetting systems. NB this won't work if the desired dimensions are less than the default margins of the document type. The values of these two commands are overwritten whenever a chapter or section command is processed. 5 inch, and not have it alternate from page to page. answered Dec 14, 2013 at 1:08. Is there a way to make the margins 1in by altering the code:I usually do the following to remove 1 inch padding. A tcolorbox solution with the margin parameters controlled by left and boxsep or right options. the “body” column, the “margin” column, etc. TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for users of TeX, LaTeX, ConTeXt, and related typesetting systems. create your table. In this video, I'll show you how to change the page margin and page dimensions of your latex document. Let's start with an example which typesets two centred paragraphs by writing them inside a center. To get horizontal lines of any fixed length you can use the ule command. This can be done by adding includehead and includefoot in the options for geometry. You can change the margins with the lengths oddsidemargin and evensidemargin, though using something like the geometry package might be more of what you're looking for. We let geometry figure out the actual values to feed everything. This is my whole preamble: \documentclass [12pt,a4paper,oneside] {article} \usepackage {setspace} \usepackage [ngerman] {babel} \usepackage [utf8] {inputenc. Internally, LaTeX processes margin notes as a type of “floating” component of your document—similar to the way LaTeX handles floating figures and tables. For submission to an academic publication, this entire topic will be out of your hands, as the publishers want to control the presentation. (I am adding an image of the ipynb file to show how this works) Now render this ipynb file. \marginparwidth. Introduction. I tried to use esizebox { extwidth} {!} {%. Introduction. As documented in the pandoc manual, you can either specify the margin in the YAML header of your markdown file: --- geometry: margin=30mm. I think the simplest way to describe the difference is as follows: hsize is a TeX primitive that should not be usually used in LaTeX. Example. 4 mm. Each letter consists of four parts. I want to change the geometry for a single page only. 5in to decrease the space at the top of the page, but neither ottommargin nor leftmargin, used similarly, have the same effect. printing inner margin is the left margin, and outer margin is the right margin. 5-inch margin on the left side and a 1-inch margin on the three remaining sides. Tables that exactly fit the text width are produced with tabularx. The left and right margins are OK, but the top and bottom are not as specified in the command; indeed the top margin is about 1. My document class is article with a4paper. 0. Thank you this works perfectly. will be displayed on the margins in text boxes connected by a thin line to the part of the text they refer to. This mean that the three columns of white space you get with a double page spread will be a similar size: I am completely new to latex and wrote my thesis in overleaf, however I noticed that the page margins do not compile anymore and the pagenumbers are much higher on the page than I want. As this post suggests, this can be resolved by changing the line (in res. – Werner ♦. Correspondingly, reduce the bottom margin to be equal to the top margin, and get rid of the page number. You can use the centering option of the geometry package; this implies defining paperwidth, paperheight, and the margins. It only takes a minute to. ifthenelse has helped me out a lot, but I've read the texdoc documentation on the geometry package and it doesn't seem like. 3cm, left=5cm, right=0. 75in,showframe,headheight=15pt,headsep=aselineskip,includehead,includefoot. Also, the size is big because you should have a maximum of 80 characters per line, but better in the range of 60-70. (Alternatively, one could specify the textwidth and hmarginratio keys. 9 mm x 355. The vertical space between the caption and the floating object is controlled by the option skip, which can be set to any valid TeX dimension. . Changing the margin for both the header and footer lines can be done easily with fancyhdr since version 3. Aug 5, 2012 at 20:19. Use setlrmarginsandblock {left} {right} {ratio} and setulmarginsandblock {top} {bottom} {ratio} instead. You can use a combination of geometry (to change the top and bottom margings) and the adjustwidth environment provided by the changepage package (this uses internally a list and it's similar to your changemargin environment): documentclass {article} usepackage [paperheight=14cm] {geometry} usepackage {changepage} usepackage. cls)Type Styles Up: Other useful things to Previous: Other useful things to Margins L A TEX has very large default margins--almost two inches wide on each side. (which is the same as extwidth for a single column document)70. 65in, and the bottom margin is about 1. Because headers and footers form part of the overall page layout/design it can be helpful to understand a little more about LaTeX's model of page layout; the following Overleaf articles might be of interest: for an introduction to LaTeX page layout, the Overleaf article Page size and margins demonstrates how to use the geometry package; Adjust margin in tex smoothly. I define the margins with the DIV command: documentclass [fontsize=14pt,a4paper,DIV=7,twoside,chapterprefix=on,draft] {scrbook} This seems to work well for most of the document, except occasionally, there will be a word that goes over. Other packages for changing font size: relsize and scalefnt In this section we briefly review the following LaTeX packages: the relsize package which provides commands to set font size relative to the current size;; the scalefnt package that lets you “rescale fonts to arbitrary sizes”. Part of this text is written extsl{ in a. The official Springer Nature authoring template for LaTeX submissions. left margin is 2 cm, right margin 5 cm and the top. 25in. 5 inch. g. To use this package include the following line in your document preamble: usepackage{ quotchap } Quotes are typed inside the environment savequote. documentclass{article} usepackage[letterpaper,margin=1in,footskip=0. (Alternatively, one could specify the textwidth and hmarginratio keys. Sorted by: 16. clo, bk11. In a normal book odd pages are at the right and even pages at the left. Hope it helps. – user30471. So it has to be smaller. Try usepackage [margin=2truein] {geometry}. Latest update: April 2023. – TheBug. What would be the equivalent commands if I used the native LaTeX commands such as \textwidth, \evensidemargin, etc? margins. 7 paperheight = 4788pt. My thesis formatting requires 1. It only takes a minute to sign up. I want to draw a vertical line on the margin. 8pt textheight = 0. We cannot do anything with images. Stack Exchange Network. If you want to emulate MSWord sectioning styles, see. Once you load the geometry package to address this issue, this solution has no advantage. 8linewidth} is still too wide in this case) Package tabularx provides the automatic adaption of cell width of cells. If date was not defined, LaTeX will print the current date. When you render a PDF using content in the margin or. 9 mm x 279. then. Multi-file LaTeX projects; Hyperlinks; Formatting. This is because for TeX, the document origin is located 1 inch below the top and 1 inch right of the left paper border. 8. Latex editor - on the ge. You have to tell geometry also the desired width of your marginal notes. 5cm] {geometry} The geometry package provides the commands ewgeometry and estoregeometry; however, the. If you're using the KOMA-bundle (as you do), then the margins should be changed with the typearea package, see the documentation chapter 2. Note that LaTeX itself doesn't differ between margin and padding, because it actually doesn't now this concepts. % Modify Beamer margin. TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for users of TeX, LaTeX, ConTeXt, and related typesetting systems. Each separate visible element contained within a TeX document is contained within a box. I need to extract the exact length of my left margin at a specific page in the document but leftmargin doesn't seem to provide the correct value. I try to set up the left and right margins to 1 inch, top and bottom margins to 0. You may simply be using a document class that defines [p] as the default float style. You want the left and right margins to be . A solution that can make the caption have equal (small) margins will also be accepted. Every margin should be the same size. As you see. Please provide code so we know what you are doing. 75″ bottom margin and . paper : total body and marginsSorted by: 13. The horizontal gap between the contents of the wrapfig environment and the surrounding paragraph text is columnsep (from the wrapfig documentation, section 2 Sizing and optional overhang, p 3): LaTeX will wrap surrounding text around the figure, leaving a gap of intextsep at the top and bottom, and columsep. evensidemargin: Left margin on even numbered pages. the best practice, and recommended, method of using LaTeX packages such as setspace and parskip which provide options and user-level commands to change the spacing of your LaTeX documents;; use of low-level TeX/LaTeX parameter. 04. A first example. The default is that the text width and the text height are 0. Authors provide metadata - through LaTeX commands - itle{}, section{} and so on - and associating styles with content in a Word document - "this is a paragraph, this is a subtitle," and so on. left margin is 2 cm, right margin 5 cm and the top margin is 2 cm. . How to adjust list spacing. Overview. Since all pages must be printed on one side of the page, I used the following: \documentclass [oneside,12pt] {book} \usepackage [top=1in, bottom=1in, left=1. usepackage[left=25mm,right=25mm,top=25mm,bottom=25mm,paper=a4paper]{geometry}For plain TeX, the only "more universal" that I know is the OPmac macros, for example: input opmac margins/2 a5 (1,1,1,1. For other values, you can use e. 7,vscale=0. This solved my own problem ( lstinline overrunning margins even with aggedright ). documentclass{article} usepackage[hscale=0. (Red line indicate the margins. Introduction. makebox the left margin is filled too much. You want a text body of 6in by 9in. 1 Answer. The article class has an option for A4 (210 mm x 297 mm) paper: \documentclass [a4paper] {article} other possible options for page size are: a5paper - A5: 148 mm x 210 mm, that is half of A4, basically. The paper size can be set to any size you need by means of the command papersize= { width , height } . Sign your document online in a few clicks. 4)cm % A5 paper + 1cm margins in two-pages design. To set or reduce the page margin (white space between the border of the page and the text) you can use the geometry package. The following is my code: % Setup the margin usepackage[centering, margin={1in, 0. Juan A. Learn how to configure your pages in LaTeX, including margins, page size, orientation, columns, and more. This means you can either adjust the margins locally, e. Use the "geometry" package and write ewgeometry {left=3cm,bottom=0. To find LaTeX's default values of the margins for each combination of these main options, either use the layout package (as is explained in @GonzaloMedina's answer) or open the files. Do you want to have the page layout measurements to overlaid with your document content (as opposed to a mock-up page with layout figures on them)? Only on a pre-specified page? If measurements are not that important to be displayed with the "lines", then \usepackage [showframe] {geometry} would suffice. The left and right margins are, for one sided document, equal to each other; this gives. clo, and bk12. 958 inches, which does not leave 1 inches of. You cannot change the margin for side notes within the same paragraph. left and right margins will change according to the page number parity. Thus, assuming letterpaper is in effect (for which paperwidth equals 8. I have the following code which worked in my previous latex template, but now I have to submit to a journal and the tables goes out of the margin. 125} instead of singlespacing and onehalfspacing. 25in in the terms of your thesis office. 6 extwidth}} The usable overall width is 1. In this, the final post of the series, we're going to look at customising some of the opening pages. In my view the default LaTeX typeblock is a reasonable size but that it gets printed on paper (A4 or letterpaper) that is. Modifying a document's paper size, orientation and margins is a common requirement which can easily be achieved using the geometrypackage. set margin latex example documentclass{article} usepackage[left=2cm, right=5cm, top=2cm]{geometry} egin{document} Some text. It only takes a minute to sign up. \usepackage{showframe} If you only need to show margins for a particular page, use: \usepackage[noframe] {showframe} and at the page: The reason LaTeX does this is because when you bind the document together, the smaller inner margins will be adjacent and then combined will be a similar size to the larger outer margins. 9cm,top=2cm,bottom=2. 1 in section 2. It always skips many lines. Use the geometry package. It sets a 1in margin in all paper sizes and provides special commands to write and compute grades. 1 inch is added to this value. Sorted by: 2. The footer with page number should be at the bottom of the text area. I know I can use e. 7 paperwidth = 1675. The margins are so big because the paper is so big. 5cm, heightrounded, marginparwidth=4.